Often called the "Forth Rail Bridge" to distinguish it from the Forth Road Bridge, this magnificent Victorian feat of engineering was designed by Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker, and built by Sir William Arrol's company between 1883 and 1890.

The bridge is, even today, regarded as an engineering marvel. It is 2.5 km (1.5 miles) in length, and the double track is elevated 46 m (approx. 150 ft) above high tide. It consists of two main spans of 1,710 ft, two side spans of 675 ft, 15 approach spans of 168 ft, and five of 25 ft.[3] Each main span comprises two 680 ft cantilever arms supporting a central 350 ft span girder bridge). The three great four-tower cantilever structures are 340 ft (104 m) tall, each 70 ft diameter foot resting on a separate foundation. The southern group of foundations had to be constructed as caissons under compressed air, to a depth of 90 ft. At its peak, approximately 4,600 workers were employed in its construction.

Hundreds more were left crippled by serious accidents, and one log book of accidents and sickness had 26,000 entries. In 2005, a project was set up by the Queensferry History Group to establish a memorial to those workers who died during the bridge's construction. In North Queensferry, a decision was also made to set up memorial benches to commemorate those who died during the construction of both the rail and the road bridges, and to seek support for this project from Fife Council.

"Painting the Forth Bridge" is a colloquial term for a never-ending task, coined on the erroneous belief that repainting of the bridge took a long time and was commenced immediately upon completion of the previous repaint. According to a 2004 New Civil Engineer report on contemporary maintenance, such a practice never existed.